Stewart An Occupational Name for a Steward or Manager

Stewart is an occupational name for a steward or manager of a household or estate, or one who had charge of a kings or important nobles household. The surname is from the Middle English stiward, meaning steward. Stewart is the 54th most popular surname in the United States and the 7th most common surname in Scotland with origins in  Scottish  and  English. Common misspellings and alternate names include Stuart and Steward. Famous People Jon Stewart: The American comedian, producer, director, and writer who previously hosted the television show The Daily Show, a popular satirical news program on Comedy Central.Martha Stewart: An entrepreneur and bestselling author famous for her DIY crafts, home decor tips, and inspirational recipes.Rod Stewart:  A British rock singer and songwriter who has sold over 100 million records.Kristen Stewart:  Famous for acting as Bella in the movie series Twilight, Kristen is an American actress and model who began acting in 1999. Genealogy Resources 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census?Stewart Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Stewart surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Stewart query.FamilySearch - STEWART  GenealogyAccess over 6  million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Stewart  surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.Stewart Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Stewart  surname. In addition to joining a list, you can also browse or search the archives to explore over a decade of postings for the Stewart surname.DistantCousin.com - STEWART Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last n ame Stewart.GeneaNet - Stewart  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Stewart  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries.The Stewart  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the English surname Stewart  from the website of Genealogy Today. References: Surname Meanings and Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia.  Bergenfield, NJ:  Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks,  Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.Hoffman, William F. Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings.  Chicago:  Polish Genealogical Society, 1993.Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow.  Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich - Wydawnictwo, 1991.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Culture of Malaysia - 3713 Words

1.0 INTRODUCTION Malaysia is a one of the multi cultural country. Cultures have been meeting and mixing in Malaysia since the very beginning of its history. More than fifteen hundred years ago a Malay kingdom in Bujang Valley welcomed traders from China and India. Malaysias cultural mosaic is marked by many different cultures, but several in particular have had especially lasting influence on the country. Chief among these is the ancient Malay culture, and the cultures of Malaysias two most prominent trading partners throughout history--the Chinese, and the Indians. These three groups are joined by a dizzying array of indigenous tribes, many of which live in the forests and coastal areas of Borneo. Although each of these cultures has†¦show more content†¦In schools or collages, especially boarding schools, the phenomenon known as ragging is an accepted ritual of the orientation process. Where, the senior students will rag the junior or new entry students. This ritual is continues and make t he high and low power among the students no matter whether they Malay, Chinese or Indians. The seniors always hold the high power and the juniors is always becomes low power. In the workplace, employees are discouraged from questioning or critiquing senior-level colleagues. Here the senior-level employees will have the high power to do some decision, without consulting with the junior-level employees. The gap between the senior-level and junior-level makes the employees to hold the higher authority and no authority powers. Because of three different cultural in Malaysia, power distance in family will be vary by their own culture. For the Malay, the parents allow their children to take decision after a time of age, normally when they started to work. For the Chinese, they will give more freedom to their children’s to make decision. For the Indians, the parents always hope their children’s will listen to them and will follow the parent’s decision. Normally this will fall into studies, job selection and marriage. Parents in Malaysia usually will chose the study field for their children’s rather than ask their children’s interest. For the job decision, most of the parentsShow MoreRelatedThe Ethnic Groups in Malaysia and Its Culture1959 Words   |  8 PagesThe Ethnic Relation and Culture in Malaysia. By just looking at the title above, you know what I am going to talk about. Yes, you are right, the culture of our magnificent country. Our country is actually envied by many foreigners. Why? Well, one of the main reasons is because of how we Malaysians can live in harmony for many years, even though we consist of many different races and ethnic groups. The culture of our country started out with the unique combination and amount of ethnic groupsRead MoreCreating and Strengthening Organizational Culture: the Experience of Digi Malaysia3013 Words   |  13 PagesCreating and Strengthening organizational culture: The experience of Digi Malaysia TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction Discussion Power Distance Individualism versus collectivism Masculinity versus feminity Uncertainty Avoidance Conclusion Citation INTRODUCTION Culture is a global phenomenon that derived from social, economic, legal, political and religious norms, values and traditions of the society. Culture shapes the behavior of individuals to act accordingly in different situationsRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Leadership Of The Private Sector Within Malaysia8584 Words   |  35 PagesGeneral Overview of the Problem Leaders and organizational culture are synonymous and hold great intrinsic value in every organization that tend to be dependent rather than mutually exclusive. In the current global climate, firms are in dire advocacy of the two factors above especially in the private sector within Malaysia. Previous literature elucidates a descriptive approach into the correlation of leadership and organizational culture however the absence of substantial literature in this regionRead MoreThe Impact of Information Communication Technology on Malaysia Communication Culture in the Era of Globalization7293 Words   |  30 PagesTECHNOLOGY ON MALAYSIA COMMUNICATION CULTURE IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION Saiful Nujaimi Abdul Rahman, M.Sc. Department of Communication, Faculty of Modern Languages Communication, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Abdul Rashid Md. Ali, PhD Department of Communication, Faculty of Modern Languages Communication, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Siti Zobidah Omar, PhD Department of Communication, Faculty of Modern Languages Communication, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia This is an uneditedRead MoreKey Characteristics That Make Up A Culture1222 Words   |  5 Pages Malaysia is divided into two parts, Peninsular and East Malaysia. The first is situated in the southern part of the Malay Peninsula, sharing borders with Thailand and Singapore. East Malaysia occupies a part of the island Borneo and shares borders with Indonesia and Brunei. Malaysia is a country that is multicultural and diverse. Cultural Awareness â€Å"is the foundation of communication and it involves the ability of standing back from ourselves and becoming aware of our cultural values, beliefsRead MoreCrime : Safety And Security1749 Words   |  7 Pagesdesignated as Medium for Malaysia; however, the rate is believed to be higher in Kuala Lumpur (KL). Petty crime against expatriates is fairly common while violent crime remains relatively uncommon. Most criminal activity directed against foreigners is limited to non-violent crimes of opportunity such as petty theft, purse snatching, pickpocket, and credit card fraud. Purse snatching is the most frequently reported crime against expatriates, as reported by the Royal Malaysia Police in a recent crimeRead MoreBillabong : A Group Global Code Of Conduct1381 Words   |  6 Pagesbrand in contests, which has led to the company’s success in Australia and globally. Company Culture Group Global Code of Conduct Billabong has a Group Global Code of Conduct that combines together the company’s policies and practices so that all employees are all equally understanding of what the company stands for. This report is also available in eight different languages, making it accessible for many cultures. It outlines Billabong’s values, which is stated being â€Å"integrity, honesty, trust, teamworkRead MoreCultural Difference in Malaysia1448 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are cultural differences between Malaysia and other countries? In general culture can define as a way of life and process of development of the personality, spirit, mind, and the human effort in a community or cluster. Culture can be understood as the creation of human community in various forms, whether tangible or intangible. Culture it’s very important because it show the difference between societies to another society. The cultural features are obtained through a learning processRead MoreShould Television Programs Be Banned?1743 Words   |  7 PagesTV programs broadcasted in Malaysia are mainly imported from the USA and other Western countries, and the values are different from the values in Malaysian communities. The government argued that the media had negative influences on the education, attitude, and morality amongst Malaysian youth. With TV programs such as Baywatch, Friends, and several reality shows being popular amongst the youth, a lack of Malaysian values are being expressed. Malaysian TV stations even adopte d some of the conceptsRead MorePalm oil stalemate: who is responsible? Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesPalm oil stalemate: who is responsible? 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Jamcracker Free Essays

What are the critical challenges for the business model to be sustainable? Before the business model of Jamcracker could be established, it had to tackle a series of critical challenges. Foremost amongst them was the issue of timing, the risk Jamcracker might be delivering a new model of service before the world was ready for it. The model proposed was entirely a new market mechanism for distributing IT Services and In order to succeed, the emerging markets warranted sufficient Infrastructure, economically viable Industry relationships and strong growth prospects which were all the more strained and complicated after the dot. We will write a custom essay sample on Jamcracker or any similar topic only for you Order Now com crash. Apart from timing issues the model faced severe technical roadblocks as well such as lack of established standards in the relatively young in ASP industry which led to integration issues with Jamcracker platform. Apart from the above mention entry level problems, issues such as need for rofessional services and customer service were the dominant concerns which called for attention before the business model could be sustained. As the industry developed more and more people were getting involved. This called for services such as initial system configuration and integration which would be followed up by customer concerns regarding service level quality, privacy and security. Thus these were the critical challenges faced by the business model before It could be sustained 2. How does Jamcracker fit in the ASP (SaaS) space? Jamcracker analogous to Its name, tried to avoid IT log jams using web-based technology, for its clients and empower them to smoothly move towards their business objectives. Its business model was based on the widely anticipated growth of Application Service Providers, more popularly known as ASPS. ASPs provide various benefits to an organization such as speedy implementation of IT infrastructure, cost reduction, IT skilled workforce, 24Ãâ€"7 support etc. But given that these ASPs solved small IT problems for clients, Chandra along with Chen and Terbeek envisioned a nique space for Jamcracker In the ASP space. Although, Its model was based on ASP but Jamcracker was not an ASP Itself. It cooperated with ASP partners to combine application services through its enterprise I platTorm, JamcracKer Enterprlse, Into comprenenslve oTTerlngs. 3. How would you explain the business model of Jamcracker? As said above Jamcracker assumed the role of an ASP cafeteria wherein it partnered various specialized ASPs and using its enterprise IT platform, Jamcracker Enterprise rovided comprehensive solutions to the IT problems of its clients. In simple terms, it aggregated the benefits of various ASPs and provided as one solution to the client. Since, Jamcracker presented these solutions to firms as â€Å"IT Department in a box†, the client had to Just maintain a single contractual relationship with Jamcracker rather than numerous relationships with specialized ASPS. So, a single interface with Jamcracker platform would suffice. Jamcracker’s clients paid a per-user per-month fee for accessing Jamcracker’s service nfrastructure and an additional per-user per-month fee for each application service that they chose to use. Also, a modest set up fee would be charged initially. Jamcracker did not have to make large capital investments in developing and operating applications as it used the application services of its ASP partners. Although costs involved in engineering, service, sales and delivery were higher but economies were favorable. Also, adequate volumes allowed for generous margins as the incremental cost in serving a client was way less than doing the same for a new client.. How to cite Jamcracker, Papers

Biography Of Father Serra free essay sample

An expedition brought Father Sera to San Diego Bay to build his first Mission. His second Mission was in Monterey Bay. It was called Mission Carmela. He built seven more mission and took the Indians In. In 1784 Father Sera was old, tired, and sick. He had a difficult time breathing and his leg was diseased and painful. He went to Mission Carmela which was his favorite and wrote letters to the Padres at the 9 Missions. He died on August 28, 1784 at 70 years old. Building a Mission Adobe was used to make buildings. A hole was dug in the ground by adobe. Adobe is a stiff dirt mixture. Soil is what its made out of. Plaster is important to the Mission. Lime plaster IS made from sea shells and stone. Lime shells where headed in kiln. There were fire proof roofs. The floor tiles were called ladinos. They were made Of a stiffer mixture and cooked in kiln. We will write a custom essay sample on Biography Of Father Serra or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Livestock Livestock is really important to the Mission. Father Sera and Captain Portola brought with them the livestock during an expedition to California in 1769. The first 5 missions were given 18 cattle, 4 pigs, and some chickens.Cattle was the most important animal at the mission. They had long curved horns and sloping hinds which gave good meat. Cattle was killed a lot for meat, tallow, and hides. The cattle also gave them milk, cheese, and butter. Other animals were really important to the mission. Sheep were used to make wool and meat. Hogs made lard. They used hog and lard for cooking and soap. They ate sausage and ham. They used horses for traveling and riding. Oxen worked hard in fields. They also had chickens that made eggs and meat. The herds increased and the Indians became cowboys.They moved the animals to a rancho miles away. They branded the animals at the rancho. There was good space and water. That was the beginning of Californians livestock industry. Crops Vegetable gardens were in every Mission. They prepared the land the same way. Women, men, and children weeded the garden and hoed the garden. Girls and boys waved sticks and threw stones. Insects and animals build fences. An Indians Life at the Mission The church bells rang then I had to wake up and go say prayers. The second bell rang that called use to breakfast. They had hot corn mush. The third bell rang and called us to our daily jobs. Women stayed inside. They did weaving, sewing, and cooking. The men were outside plowing, planting, and weeding. They ate atoll and add vegetables and chunks of meat. They wrapped it in tortilla. After lunch they would have a siesta and then they would nap. Next they would find a shady place to eat. Grape vines under the tree and after they would go to bed. They would go back to work and a young guy would bring them some cool water. The meals are the same as breakfast.The last ell rings, time to pray. After praying, talking, games, and singing they would sleep again. Mission Santa Barbara Report Mission Santa Barbara was founded by Vermin Lasses on December 4th 1786, the feast day of Santa Barbara, as the 10th mission. This mission is between the Pacific Ocean and the Santa Yens Mountains. Santa Barbara is the only mission to be under the leadership of the Franciscan Friars since the beginning. Mission Santa Barbara was known to have 2 bell towers. They are now the same as the mission bells. It turned into 8 bells in 1833.Which has 8 Mission Bell towers. Operated by Franciscans. It was built with mainly adobe and some bricks. It was covered with plaster/white wash. Mission Santa Barbara is named after Saint Barbara, she was a Christian mater who was beheaded by her dad for following her faith. The inside of Mission Santa Barbara still looks like it did in the sasss. The Mission is not only active in the church, it is also a historical attraction. Mission Santa Barbara was built by Spanish Franciscans to try to get the Chums Indians to become Catholics.

Battle of Port Hudson - Civil War Battle of Port Hudson

Battle of Port Hudson - Civil War Battle of Port Hudson The Battle of Port Hudson lasted from May 22 to July 9, 1863, during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and saw Union troops final take control of the entirety of the Mississippi River. Having captured New Orleans and Memphis in early 1862, Union forces sought to open the Mississippi River and split the Confederacy in two. In an effort to prevent this from occurring, Confederate troops fortified key locations at Vicksburg, MS and Port Hudson, LA. The capture of Vicksburg was tasked to Major General Ulysses S. Grant. Having already won victories at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, and Shiloh, he began operations against Vicksburg in late 1862. A New Commander As Grant commenced his campaign against Vicksburg, the capture of Port Hudson was assigned to Major General Nathaniel Banks. The commander of the Department of the Gulf, Banks had taken command at New Orleans in December 1862 when he relieved Major General Benjamin Butler. Advancing in May 1863 in support of Grants effort, his principal command was the large Union XIX Corps. This was comprised of four divisions led by Brigadier General Cuvier Grover, Brigadier General W. H. Emory, Major General C. C. Augur, and Brigadier General Thomas W. Sherman. Port Hudson Prepares The idea for fortifying Port Hudson came from General P.G.T. Beauregard in early 1862. Assessing defenses along the Mississippi, he felt that the towns commanding heights which overlooked a hairpin turn in the river provided the ideal location for batteries. Additionally, the broken terrain outside of Port Hudson, which contained ravines, swamps, and woods, helped make the town extremely defensible. Design of Port Hudsons defenses was overseen by  Captain James Nocquet who served on the staff of Major General John C. Breckinridge. Construction was initially directed by Brigadier General Daniel Ruggles and continued by Brigadier General William Nelson Rector Beall. Work pressed on through the year though delays ensued as Port Hudson had no rail access. On December 27, Major General Franklin Gardner arrived to take command of the garrison. He quickly worked to enhance the fortifications and constructed roads to facilitate troop movement. Gardners efforts first paid dividends in March 1863 when the majority of Rear Admiral David G. Farraguts squadron was prevented from passing Port Hudson. In the fighting, USS Mississippi (10 guns) was lost.   Armies Commanders Union Major General Nathaniel Banks30,000 to 40,000 men Confederate Major General Franklin Gardneraround 7,500 men Initial Moves In approaching Port Hudson, Banks dispatched three divisions west with the goal of descending the Red River and cutting off the garrison from the north. To support this effort, two additional divisions would approach from the south and east. Landing at Bayou Sara on May 21, Augur advanced toward the junction of the Plains Store and Bayou Sara Roads. Encountering Confederate forces under Colonels Frank W. Powers and William R. Miles, Augur and Union cavalry led by Brigadier General Benjamin Grierson engaged. In the resulting Battle of Plains Store, Union troops succeeded in driving the enemy back to Port Hudson. Banks Attacks Landing on May 22, Banks and other elements from his command quickly advanced against Port Hudson and effectively had surrounded the town by that evening. Opposing Banks Army of the Gulf were around 7,500 men led by Major General Franklin Gardner. These were deployed in the extensive set of fortifications that ran for four and half miles around Port Hudson. On the night of May 26, Banks held a council of war to discuss an attack for the following day. Moving forward the next day, Union forces advanced over difficult terrain towards the Confederate lines. Beginning around dawn, Union guns opened on Gardners lines with additional fire coming from US Navy warships in the river. Through the day, Banks men conducted a series of uncoordinated assaults against the Confederate perimeter. These failed and his command sustained heavy losses. The fighting on May 27 saw the first combat for several African-American regiments in Banks army. Among those killed was Captain Andre Cailloux, a freed slave, who was serving with the 1st Louisiana Native Guards. Fighting continued until nightfall when efforts were made to retrieve the wounded. A Second Attempt The Confederate guns briefly opened fire the next morning until Banks raised a flag of truce and asked permission to remove his wounded from the field. This was granted and fighting resumed around 7:00 PM. Convinced that Port Hudson could only be taken by siege, Banks began constructing works around the Confederate lines. Digging through the first two weeks of June, his men slowly pushed their lines closer to the enemy tightening the ring around the city. Emplacing heavy guns, Union forces began a systematic bombardment of Gardners position. Seeking to end the siege, Banks began planning for another assault. On June 13, the Union guns opened with a heavy bombardment which was supported by Farraguts ships in the river. The next day, after Gardner refused a demand to surrender, Banks ordered his men forward. The Union plan called for troops under Grover to attack on the right, while Brigadier General William Dwight assaulted on the left. In both cases, the Union advance was repulsed with heavy losses. Two days later, Banks called for volunteers for a third assault, but was unable to obtain sufficient numbers. The Siege Continues After June 16, fighting around Port Hudson quieted as both sides worked to improve their lines and informal truces occurred between the opposing enlisted men. As time passed, Gardners supply situation became increasingly desperate. Union forces continued to slowly move their lines forward and sharpshooters fired on the unwary. In an effort to break the deadlock, Dwights engineering officer, Captain Joseph Bailey, oversaw the construction of a mine under a hill known as the Citadel. Another was begun on Grovers front extending under Priest Cap. The latter mine was completed on July 7 and it was filled with 1,200 pounds of black powder. With construction of the mines finished, it was Banks intention to detonate them on July 9. With the Confederate lines in a shambles, his men were to make another assault. This proved unnecessary as news reached his headquarters on July 7 that Vicksburg had surrendered three days earlier. With this change in the strategic situation, as well as with his supplies nearly exhausted and no hope of relief, Gardner dispatched a delegation to discuss Port Hudsons surrender the next day. An agreement was reached that afternoon and the garrison formally surrendered on July 9. Aftermath During the Siege of Port Hudson, Banks suffered around 5,000 killed and wounded while Gardners command incurred 7,208 (approx. 6,500 captured). The victory at Port Hudson opened the entire length of the Mississippi River to Union traffic and severed the western states of the Confederacy. With the capture of the Mississippi complete, Grant turned his focus east later that year to deal with the fallout from the defeat at Chickamauga. Arriving at Chattanooga, he succeeded in driving off Confederate forces that November at the Battle of Chattanooga.

Energy Definition and Examples

Energy Definition and Examples Energy is defined as the capacity of a physical system to perform work. However, its important to keep in mind that just because energy exists, that doesnt mean  its necessarily available to do work. Forms of Energy Energy exists in several forms such as heat, kinetic or mechanical energy, light, potential energy, and electrical energy. Heat s are energy released by fission and fusion. Other forms of energy may include geothermal energy and classification of energy as renewable or nonrenewable. There may be overlap between forms of energy and an object invariably possesses more than one type at a time. For example, a swinging pendulum has both kinetic and potential energy, thermal energy, and (depending on its composition) may have electrical and magnetic energy. Law of Conservation of Energy According to the law of conservation of energy, the total energy of a system remains constant, though energy may transform into another form. Two billiard balls colliding, for example, may come to rest, with the resulting energy becoming sound and perhaps a bit of heat at the point of collision. When the balls are in motion, they have kinetic energy. Whether they are in motion or stationary, they also have potential energy because they are on a table above the ground. Energy cannot be created, nor destroyed, but it can change forms and is also related to mass. The mass-energy equivalence theory states an object at rest in a frame of reference has a rest energy. If additional energy is supplied to the object, it actually increases that objects mass. For example, if you heat a steel bearing (adding thermal energy), you very slightly increase its mass. Units of Energy The SI unit of energy is the joule (J) or newton-meter (N * m). The joule is also the SI unit of work.

Coca Cola's Logistics System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Coca Cola's Logistics System - Essay Example However, as the number of products increased, it was not possible to load one stock keeping unit with one product. With the increase in the number of stock keeping units and retail stores, the traditional system could not be continued (Banker, 2010). The trucks carrying the Coca Cola’s products go through the various retail stores and unload. The products are delivered on the basis of order. Hence, the truck drivers work as order takers. The warehouses are stocked with exactly the amount of delivery orders. For better delivery of the products to the retailers, Coca Cola brought trucks with special facilities. The company has succeeded in having an efficient supply chain and it helps to lower its cost of distribution. It knows from experience the kind of trucks needed for its fleet, hires experienced drivers and ensures that they are extremely productive. The logistics requirements of no two businesses are similar. Therefore, logistics, which is a key component of strategy and an important ingredient of marketing, can be tailored to suit the requirements of business and by implication the customers (Fuller & Et. Al., 1993). Logistics can be an important service differentiator. Coca Cola has segmented its customers in Japan based on their logistics requirements. The segmentation is done based on the store needs and the vending machines as the customers are comfortable with. The delivery drivers deliver the products based on the store type. The company is attempting to segment the customer to save the logistics cost. However, accurate segmentation of the customer is not always possible. Some stores want accurate delivery. Coca Cola has opened a new warehouse that is operated automatically. The reason behind opening it is to save on operational cost and better management of inventory. The benefits that this warehouse provides are that it provides better on-site facilities

Satirical Shows and Internet Bloggers are the Fifth Estate Thesis

Satirical Shows and Internet Bloggers are the Fifth Estate - Thesis Example In the end, there were no death panels, but people still believe that there are. Witness also the issue of the Obama citizenship. Internet bloggers will not leave the issue alone, which has made problems for the President, even though there is no basis for claiming that Obama is not a citizen. Inaccurate information can spread very quickly, even more quickly than in the mainstream press, so one viral rumor can cause a lot of damage very quickly. That said, there is value to this type of information spread, and the pros and cons are what this paper will be concentrated upon. Discussion According to Arthur Hayes (2008), citizen press critics, which are the citizens who blog, are to be defended as an effective democratic rabble that keeps the mainstream press in check. ... Dismissing the blogosphere as â€Å"some guy in his pajamas,† Jonathan Klein, the vice-president of the CBS News, stated â€Å"you couldn’t have a starker contrast between checks and balances and some guy in his pajamas in his living room stating what he thinks† (Dasselaar, 2006, p. 11). The press before these checks and balances was arrogant and dismissive of those with whom they disagreed. The press felt that their only checks and balances were the free market, and individuals were free to watch them or not, buy their newspapers and magazines or not. Monitors on what they reported were considered a violation of free speech (Hayes, 2008, p. 2). Even now, according to Hayes, these professional press critics, who are those that work for the mainstream press, are arrogant and dismissive of the citizen critics, who are the bloggers, stating that these bloggers are driven by ideology and threaten press freedom and democracy (Hayes, 2008, p. 2). Hayes essentially accu ses the professional press critics of democratic elitism. Democratic elitism means that the people are not to have a voice, even if they do play a role in the democracy. This is because the people – unsophisticated, irrational, and shortsighted – cannot be trusted to support democratic rights (Hayes, 2008, p. 2). Extrapolating this, the democratic elites believe that ordinary citizens do not have the right to press criticism, due to their lack of sophistication, education or training. Therefore, they are a threat to a stable democracy and the free press (Hayes, 2008, p. 2). Hayes believes just the opposite – these individuals are the backbone of democracy, and they are strengthening democracy by criticizing the institutions that affect us all and the officials who govern us. Moreover, they

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Summary - Assignment Example In their analysis they try to define different concept including taint management, development of self-identity and how differences in gender are dealt with within the professions that were explored. The researchers analyzed and interpreted that in order to manage taint in two different professions including firefighting and law enforcement, the professionals and the management should rely on the open communication of work identity in terms of gender. Both the professions of firefighting as well as correction contain various tasks that can be categorized as dirty work. These professions comprises of several forms of taints including psychical, status, moral and social taints. Taints in firefighting include running into buildings that are on fire and they deal with clients that may be calling the firefighters just to benefit from the social welfare provided by the government. There is a huge difference in how firefighters refer to different parts of their jobs as dirty work. Some of the work that may not be really dirty may be referred to as severely dirty by the fire fighters such as taking an addict to a hospital. On the other hand a task that is severely dirty may not be categorized as dirty by the firefighters such as the task of breaking into burning structures of building. In case of police officers their dirty work includes similar jobs that are conducted by firefighters. The researchers identified that the physical as well as social taints that existed in correctional work included chaperoning prisoners to bathroom which was mostly done by males and caring for inmates which is mostly done by females (Tracy, 2006, p.15). In case of ethical and status taints, the work of law enforcement officers is considered as deviant. In the case of correction officers even easier jobs such as providing toilet paper to the inmates is considered as severely dirty. There are various reasons that help in explaining why

Investigating the Accuracy of the Air-column Length

Investigating the Accuracy of the Air-column Length 1.0 Introduction (max 500 words) Sound is a vibration that transmits as a typically audible mechanical wave of displacement and pressure through a medium such as water or air (Wikipedia, 2015). A pressure disturbance that travels through a medium (particle to particle interaction) is called a sound wave. Particles become disturbed, causing one to exert a force to the adjacent particle; hence particles are disturbed from rest resulting in energy being transported through the medium (The Physics Classroom, 1996-2015). The displacement of a medium’s particles is parallel to the wave propagation direction, which characterises longitudinal wave (A.Russell D, 1998). Particles do not travel down the tube; they vibrate back and forth between their individual equilibrium. Due to the longitudinal waves, there are particles in the air that are compressed, whereas others are dispersed, which are called compression and rarefaction (Figure 1). The longitudinal wave does not have peaks, so the wavelength is usually measured using the distance between the compressions or the rarefactions. Figure 1 – Compression and rarefaction (Geeks Unite, 2013) The speed of sound is dependent on the temperature, which can be generated from, where v is the speed of sound and T is the temperature. However, in the experiment the velocity of sound waves is found by multiplying the wavelength and the known frequency of tuning forks. Wavelength is described as the length of one cycle of the wave. When a system is driven by the natural frequency, a resonance frequency occurs. However, the amount of wavelength sections can determine several natural frequencies through a column of air in a tube ( in Figure 2). When a tuning fork is held above the tube (Figure 2) while vibrating, if the tuning fork’s frequency aligns with the air column, air particles will be pushed by the tuning fork’s vibrations at a frequency which causes the vibration in the air column (Ping E, 2011). Figure 2 – Example of the experiment’s setup (NASA, 2010) Figure 3 – Resonance tube with closed and open end (NASA, 2010) Although compressions and rarefactions are in opposite directions, when they are reflected at the end of the closed tube (closed end is water) into the converse direction; propagation of waves are produced. The wavelength is calculated through the air column, because a tube’s shortest resonance length is a quarter of the wavelength (Figure 3). Resonance occurs at the greatest amplitude of the sound waves, hence, wavelength can be calculated as (Walding R et al, 2004). The fundamental frequency (first harmonic) has a node (when displacement of the amplitude is zero) at the closed end of the air column and an antinode at the open end (Figure 3 left) (The Physics Classroom, 1996-2015). By adjusting the tube, the third harmonic will appear next as one vibrational node and two vibrational antinodes form the frequency of the harmonic (Figure 3 right). Even though the wavelength and frequency can be multiplied to find the velocity of sound, they are not factors that will affect the velocity, which indicates the changes in wavelength only results in an inverse impact of the frequency (The Physics Classroom, 1996-2015). 4.0 Discussion 4.1 Analysis By investigating the accuracy of the air-column length using resonance tubes in water, it was clear that the results were achieved with relatively high accuracy when compared with the calculated air-column length when the room temperature was measured and assumed to be constant at; hence the velocity of sound was. It was discovered that the resonance tube’s diameter had an indirect relationship with the length of air-column, which an increase in tube’s diameter results in a decrease in the air-column length. From Table 1, the air-column lengths for each tube at all frequency declined from 0.161m, 0.231m and 0.329m to 0.134m, 0.203m and 0.301m respectively as the diameter of tubes increased from 0.0164m to 0.0865m (same trend in Table 2). As Graph 1 showed more explicitly through the decreasing linear trendlines at different frequencies, the indirect relationship between air-column length and tube diameter was justified. Moreover, the gradients of the trendlines were the end correction that appeared to be between, which approximately corresponded with equations of the theoretical data and the formula of wavelength (), but for this experiment using end correction of 0.4 could be invalid as each set of data may have its specific end correction, possibly causing inaccuracies. The measured data seemed to contain relatively high accuracy (overlapped with the theoretical data) in contrast with the theoretical data (Table 2) in Graph 1. Therefore, the end correction and hypothesis were justified. As frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength, Graph 2 illustrated the inverse relationship between frequency and air-column length where all air-column lengths declined as the frequency grew. While the values were close to 1, the data plotted did not perfectly fit the trendlines, which indicated that some errors were in the data (see 4.2 Evaluation). Due to tube B and C having similar diameters (0.038m and 0.039m), and only three decimal places were kept when calculating the air-column lengths, the trends were not presented distinctly as the other three tubes. If the results were kept in more decimal places, tube C would have a shorter air-column length than tube B at constant velocity of sound and frequency. Anomalies were expected and four were identified (highlighted in Table 7). Standard deviation was used to distinguish between the raw data. Results were seen as anomalies if they were not in the range of two standard deviations and average air-column length (). The highlighted data were believed to be one-off values as they appeared randomly, hence disregarded when calculating the average air-column length. The anomalies may have occurred due to parallax when interpreting the measurements from the measuring tape, which can be avoided in further experiments. Another reason may also be mistaking overtones as resonance or missing points of resonance, and particles (e.g. PVC pipe’s debris/scraps) Overall, the data collected were relatively reliable and expected in the hypothesis, thus, justified the inverse relationships between air-column length and tube, as well as frequency and air-column. Therefore, the data proved that wavelength was inversely proportional to frequency (The P hysics Classroom, 1996-2015). 4.2 Evaluation The experiment was completed in one day with consistency. However, errors were found between measured data and theoretical data. Table 3 showed the percentage error between measured and calculated (theoretical) air-column length. All percentage errors were less than 1% (varied from 0.004% to 0.612%). Hence, the errors were insignificant and the measured results contained relatively high accuracy with precision. Theoretically, the velocity of sound should be the same at across all tubes at all frequencies as the temperature was kept constant; however, the data varied between a range of and (Table 4). Percentage errors were negligible (all under 1% with highest value of 0.397%) which were calculated to compare with the theoretical velocity at () (Table 5). Propagation error of velocity of sound was also investigated by considering the error of apparatus, which was compared with the theoretical velocity. Since this error was less than, the error was considered to be insignificant that the measured data contained comparatively high accuracy; thus, justified the experiment as a valid experiment. Graph 3 presented the average velocity calculated, the velocities of five pipes differed from each other. Theoretically, an increasing trend in variance should present in Graph 3, but pipe B and C seems to have extremely large variances (errors), hence disregarded. Thus, increasing trend only applies to pipe A, C and E. Evidently, pipe A had the smallest variance, which implied high precision; hence, pipe A was considered to have the highest accuracy. Furthermore, random errors were made as the tuning fork may have been held incorrectly as hands were moving up and down to adjust the air-column, or pipes were not held completely perpendicular to the ground. The anomalies can be improved by using an electronic ruler to collect air-column lengths to avoid parallax. When finding the harmonics, overtones which relates to the third and fifth frequencies should be avoided. In addition, room temperature may be measured when collecting each trial’s data to calculate the speed of sound to ensure higher accuracy of the air-column length. Due to the experiment being conducted in the classroom with all other experiments conducting at the same time, surrounding noise might be another reason for anomalies occurring; hence the experiment should be completed in a quiet room to avoid resonance interference by other sounds. Furthermore, the experiment can be extended by using AFO (Audio Frequency Oscillator) that generates frequency (at certa in level) and a speaker instead of tuning forks to alternate the frequency and water level to determine the air-column length (Gadani D.H, 2011). Resonance is used in real life applications, usually for music instruments. Flutes can be estimated as cylindrical tubes with two open ends, whereas a clarinet has a closed end which the air is blown from one end and resonance occurs (Walding R et al, 2004). Clarinets usually have frequency range between 125Hz to 2000Hz (Brown S, 1996-2012) with 15mm inner diameter (Fox S, 2000). Since clarinet’s frequency could be around 200Hz, theoretical equation (at 256Hz from Graph 1) was manipulated (Graph 4) to determine the air-column length of the clarinet. The fundamental harmonic is predicted to occur at 33cm; however, at the third harmonic the result (99cm) almost matches with the real clarinet length of 94cm (Nave R, 2015). The length of clarinet must be an exact wavelength in order for the resonance to occur. Therefore, with a percentage error of 6.38% the prediction seems reasonable and appropriate, which justifies that the experiment can be extrapolated to real life application in the future. 5.0 Conclusion When the velocity of sound was kept constant at a certain temperature, the resonance tubes’ inner diameters were measured with known frequencies written on tuning forks, the wavelength was calculated, hence the air-column length could be determined (). It was found that the air-column length had an indirect relationship with the frequency when velocity of sound was kept constant and an inverse relationship with the tubes’ diameters while both velocity of sound and frequency were maintained the same. This supported the hypothesis that frequencies would have similar impacts on the air-column as the decrease in frequency would lead to an increase in air-column length when diameter was unchanged.

Bowers V Hardwick Supreme Court Case Essay -- Michael Hardwick

Bowers v. Hardwick United States Supreme Court Opinion This case, Bowers v. Hardwick, originated when Michael Hardwick was targeted by a policer officer for harassment in Georgia. A houseguest of Hardwick's let the officer into his home, where Hardwick was found engaging in oral sex with his partner, who was another male. Michael Hardwick was arrested and charged of sodomy. After charges were later dropped, Hardwick brought his case to the Supreme Court to have the sodomy law declared unconstitutional. Justice White delivered the opinion of the Court. Justice Burger, Powell, Rehnquist, and O'Conner joined, filing concurring opinions. In Justice White's opinion, or while delivering it, he mentioned a lot of steps that were taken by Michael Hardwick to have his case at the Supreme Court. Justice White also mentioned and compared past court cases that might had relevance or helped make his opinion more valid. The key issue that was focused on by Justice White was whether or not the Federal Constitution grants a fundamental right upon homosexuals to engage in sodomy. There were still laws in many states that made sodomy illegal, and have been in place for a very long time. When making his way to presenting his opinion of the Supreme Court, Justice White went through prior cases such as Loving v. Virginia, Roe v. Wade, Eisenstadt v. Baird, and many more; because the Court of Appeals and Hardwick claimed that these cases construed the Constitution to grant a right of privacy that stretch forth to homosexual sodomy. After reviewing prior cases and accepting the decisions in those cases, Justice White thought none of the rights announced in the previous cases bears any relevance or relation to Hardwick's claim that it is a cons... ...t it refused to notice the fundamental interest all people have in controlling the nature of their sexual relationships. Due to the activity that was conducted in Hardwick's home, the Fourth Amendment played an important role. The Fourth Amendment was not defined by the Court as being a violation for breaking a person's door, a going through their belongings. It was defined as an invasion of his indefensible right of personal security, personal liberty and personal property. Neither Georgia's law nor Georgia's prosecutor provided insufficient evidence and validity to support the conclusion that homosexual sodomy is considered unacceptable behavior in the state of Georgia. In result of this Court of Opinion, the Court ordered the dismissal of Hardwick's complaint because Michael Hardwick had alleged a constitutional claim well enough to withstand a motion to dismiss.